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This collection of inter-connected essays is concerned with the impact of social and economic change upon the rural labouring poor and artisans in England, and combines a sensitive understanding of their social priorities with innovative quantitative analysis. It is based on an impressive range of sources, and its particular significance arises from the pioneering use made of a largely neglected archival source – settlement records – to address questions of central importance in English social and economic history in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Levels of employment, wage rates, poor relief, the sexual division of labour, the social consequences of enclosure, the decline of farm service and traditional apprenticeship, and th equality of family life are amongst the issues discussed in a profound re-assessment of a perennial problem: the standard of living (in its widest sense) of the labouring poor during the period of industrialisation. The author’s conclusions challenge much of the prevailing orthodoxy, and his extensive use of literary and attitudinal material is closely integrated with the quantitative restatement of an interpretation that owes much to the older tradition of the Hammonds’ Village Labourer.

Contents

Preface

Introduction

1. Agricultural seasonal unemployment, the standard of living, and women's work, 1690–1860

2. Social relations – the decline of service

3. Social relations – the poor law

4. Enclosure and employment – the social consequences of enclosure

5. The decline of apprenticeship

6. The apprenticeship of women

7. The family

8. Thomas Hardy, rural Dorset, and the family

Appendix: yearly wages

Bibliography

Index

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On the night of 3-4 November 1839 seven thousand miners from the coalfields of south Wales set out to march on Newport. They were an organized force, armed, angry, and intent on inaugurating a brave new Chartist world. The rising proved to be the most serious clash between people and government in modern industrial Britain: in the major confrontation between Chartists and troops in Newport more than twenty miners were shot dead, and subsequently more than 250 people were arraigned in the last mass treason trial in British history.

The study tells the full story of the rising, its origins and its aftermath, and analyses the profound impact of armed insurrection on the social and political climate of the period. When the people of the coalfield took up the banner of Chartism, that movement became a political crusade. The author reveals that several revolutionary schemes were considered in the valleys, and establishes links with militants in other parts of Britain. He considers the response of the government and propertied classes – from the Special Commission that condemned three of the leaders to death, to the new interest in paternalism and the political concessions that were designed to prevent its recurrence. He concludes that contemporaries were right to regard the rising as one of the most important turning points in Welsh and British social history.

Contents

Maps

Illustrations

Abbreviations

Introduction

1. A unique society

2. A world of politics

3. The tide of revolution

4. The march

5. The rising

6. Punishment

Conclusion

Sources

Notes

Index

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Five established experts in the fields of industrial protest and industrial relations have set out to survey the historical geography of industrial protest from the 1750s to the present day. What is revealed, in the numerous maps and accompanying text, is a history of change struck through with more continuity than one might expect.

The role of communities as the bases for mobilisation for collective action over working conditions and wages runs from the textile workers' disputes in the West Country in the 1750s to the 1984/5 miners' strike. In industrial protest and strikes, geography matters.

Through the book one sees the development of trade unionism, from its regional bases to the development of national organisations. In that growth waht is apparent is the tension between the national organisation and the locality.

There is new work presented here for the first time: the sailors' strike og 1768, the machine-breaking riots of 1826, the dock strikes in the immediate post-war period. The book gives a rare insight into industrial relations through the direct collective action of workers, caught up in the transformation of the world's first industrial nation

Contents

Preface

Introduction

Section A: 1750-1850 by Adrian Randall and Andrew Charlesworth

Industrial protest: 1750-1850

1. Strikes and popular protest in Gloucestershire, 1756-66

2. The London sailors' strike of 1768 by Richard Sheldon

3. Protests over cotton machinery in Lancashire, 1768-79

4. Protests against machinery in the west of England wollen industry, 1776-1802

5. The Luddite Disturbances, 1811-12

5.1 Luddism in the Midlands

5.2 Luddism in Yorkshire

5.3 Lancashire Luddism

6. The disturbances of 1826 in the manufacturing districts of the north of England by David Walsh

7. The General Strike of 1842

Section B: 1850-1900 by Humphrey Southall

Industrial protest: 1850-1900

8. The records of industrial protest

9. Lock-outs and national bargaining in the engineering industry, 1852 and 1897-8

10. The nine-hours movement of 1871

11. The revolt of the field, 1872-4

12. The strike at Bryant and May's match factory, East London, July 1888 by Gillian Rose

13. Organising the unskilled: the 1889 dock strike

14. The early May days: 1890, 1891 and 1892 by Chris Wrigley

15. The coal lock-out of 1893 by Chris Wrigley

Section C: 1900-39 by David Gilbert

Industrial protest: 1900-39

16. The geography of stikes, 1900-39

17. The General Strike of 1926

18. The miners' lock-out of 1926

19. Little Moscows and radical localities

20. The national hunger marches, 1921-36

21. The Jarrow Crusade of 1936

22. The Harworth dispute of 1936-7

Section D: 1940-90 by Chris Wrigley

Industrial protest: 1940-90

23. The geography of strikes, 1940-90 by David Gilbert

24. Coal disputes, 1940-45

25. Unofficial dock strikes and the 1945-51 Labour governments by Jim Phillips

26. Strikes in the motor car manufacturing industry

27. The winter of discontent: the lorry drivers' strike, January 1979

28. The 1984-5 miners' strike

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The outbreaks of collective violence arising from the tensions existing within society have long been themes in the study of British social history. Detailed studies abound — on the Levellers, the Diggers, fen rioters, food rioters, machinery riots, tithe riots, turnpike riots and so on. This book breaks new ground in that it attempts to survey the whole range of these rural riots, to compare and contrast them, and to draw general conclusions.

Seventy-five maps are included in this volume, each with an accompanying commentary written by an authority on the particular subject. Taken together, the maps show how the distribution of protest changed over time, how particular forms of protest — riots connected with land, with food and with labour — altered as Britain developed from a predominantly feudal to a predominantly capitalist society.

Contents

List of Maps

Acknowledgements

1. Introduction

2. The Geography of Land Protests 1548-1860

2.1 Lowland England 1520-95

2.2 Lowland England 1596-1710

2.3 Upland England 1520-1650

2.4 Wales, Scotland and Upland England 1650-1860

2.5 Lowland England 1710-1860

2.6 1548-52

2.7 1580-1606

2.8 The Midland Revolt of 1607 John Martin

2.9 1608-39

2.10 1640-9

2.11 1650-1701

2.12 1702-39

2.13 The Levellers' Revolt in Galloway 1724 John W. Leopold

2.14 1740-79

2.15 1780-1831

2.16 1832-60

2.17 Attacks on Deer Parks 1640-1740

2.18 Opposition to Enclosure in Northamptonshire c1760-1800 Jeanette M. Neeson

3. The Geography of Food Riots 1585-1847

3.1 Introduction

3.2 1585-1649 John Walter

3.3 1660-1737

3.4 1740 Robert W. Malcolmson

3.5 1756-7 Jeremy N. Caple

3.6 1766 Dale E. Williams

3.7 1771-3

3.8 1776-93

3.9 1794-6

3.10 1799-1801

3.11 1810-18

3.12 1847 Eric Richards

3.13 North Midlands: August and September 1756 Jeremy N. Caple

3.14 Gloucestershire — Wiltshire 1766 Dale E. Williams

3.15 Devon 1795 and 1800-1 John Bohstedt

4 Turnpike Disturbances in the Eighteenth and Early-nineteenth Centuries

5 The Clubmen and Militia Protests

5.1 The Risings of the Clubmen in 1644-45 Garry Lynch

5.2 The Militia Riots of 1757 Jeremy N. Caple

5.3 Militia Riots 1795-8

6 The Geography of Protests by Agricultural Labourers 1790-1850

6.1 The Rise of an Agricultural Proletariat

6.2 The French Wars 1793-1815 and the First Oubreaks of Labourers' Protests

6.3 The Post-war Agricultural Depression and the Protests of the 1815-31 Period

6.4 The East Anglian Protests of 1816

6.5 The Agricultural Labourers' Protests of 1822

6.6 The Captain Swing Protests of 1830-31

6.7 After Swing

6.8 Anti Poor Law Movements and Rural Trade Unionism in the South-east 1835 John Lowerson

6.9 Protest in East Anglia Against the Imposition of the New Poor Law Anne Digby

6.10 The Agricultural Labourers' Protests in East Anglia in the 1840s

7 Rural Protest in Mid- and Late-Victorian Britain

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The Rebecca Riots 1839-44 David J. V. Jones

7.3 The Spread of the Rebecca Riots 1842-44

7.4 Agricultural Trade Unionism in England 1872-94 John P. D. Dunbabin

7.5 The Kent and Sussex Labourers' Union 1872-95 Felicity Carlton

7.6 The Welsh Tithe War 1886-95 John P. D. Dunbabin

7.7 The Highland Land War 1881-96 James Hunter

References

Notes on Contributors

Index

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Rafah, a town at the southernmost tip of the Gaza Strip, is a squalid place. Raw concrete buildings front rubbish-strewn alleys. The narrow streets are crowded with young children and unemployed men. Situated on the border with Egypt, swaths of Rafah have been reduced to rubble. Rafah is today and has always been a notorious flashpoint in this most bitter of conflicts.

Buried deep in the archives is one bloody incident, in 1956, that left 111 Palestinian refugees dead, shot by Israeli soldiers. Seemingly a footnote to a long history of killing, that day in Rafah – coldblooded massacre or dreadful mistake – reveals the competing truths that have come to define an intractable war. In a quest to get to the heart of what happened, Joe Sacco arrives in Gaza and, immersing himself in daily life, uncovers Rafah, past and present. Spanning fifty years, moving fluidly between one war and the next, alive with the voices of fugitives and schoolchildren, widows and sheikhs, Footnotes in Gaza captures the essence of a tragedy.

As in Palestine and Safe Area Gorazde, Joe Sacco's unique visual journalism has rendered a contested landscape in brilliant, meticulous detail. Footnotes in Gaza, his most ambitious work to date, transforms a critical conflict of our age into intimate and immediate experience.

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This book makes a major contribution to the social history of popular culture and working-class leisure.

The contributors explore important episodes in the development of cultural and associational activity in working people's leisure time. They focus on changes in cultural and associational form and highlight class situation and social conflict as key parts of those changes.

All the vivid details of historical study are here: pubs, alehouses, church bands, Methodism, street football, regulated entertainment, radical culture, Whitsun holidays, music halls, variety theatres, and working men's clubs. Bound together by general argument, these studies will substantially extend existing ideas on class conflict away from work. New research findings offer a coherent account of important areas of modern social life in England from the sixteenth to the twentieth centuries.

Contents

Notes on Contributors

Preface

1. Alehouses, Order and Reformation in Rural England, 1590-1660

Keith Wrightson

2. Methodism and the Tatterdemalions

Arnold Rattenbury

3. 'Babylonian Performances': the Rise and Suppression of Popular Church Music, 1660-1870

Vic Gammon

4. Popular Recreation and Social Conflict in Derby, 1800-1850

Anthony Delves

5. Ways of Seeing: Control and Leisure versus Class and Struggle

Eileen and stephen Yeo

6. Culture and Constraint in Working-Class Movements, 1830-1855

Eileen Yeo

7. The Taming of Whitsun: the Changing Face of a Nineteenth-Century Rural Holiday

Alun Howkins

8. The Effingham Arms and the Empire: Deliberate Selection in the Evolution of Music Hall in London

Penelope Summerfield

9. London Working Men's Clubs, 1875-1914

T. G. Ashplant

10. Perceived Patterns: Competition and License versus Class and Struggle

Eileen and Stephen Yeo

Index

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Voices echoing a revolutionary position have been audible on the margins of the Christian church in every generation. By listening to two of the most prominent revolutionaries in Christian history, Andrew Bradstock aims to discover whether there is any distinctive contribution which Christianity can be said to make to revolutionary theory and practice. His book proceeds by way of an analysis of the life an testimony of Thomas Müntzer (a preacher and pastor of the early Reformation period in Germany, who became embroiled in the Peasants' War of 1525) and of Gerrard Winstanley (leader and main theorist of the Digger Movement in England in the 1640s), who are selected in their capacity as paradigmatic figures. It emerges that not only were millenarian, apocalyptic and utopian concerns central to the thinking of both men, but both hinged the realization of their respective projects on the imminent return of Christ and the restoration of the world to something like a state of prelapsarian perfection. Whether Christianity's eschatological dimension renders it incapable of offering to politics anything other than fantastic, a-historical visions, or whether a more nuanced interpretation of the kingdom points towards a singular and contructive contribution, is the fundamental question which this book seeks to answer.

Contents

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Introduction

Part One: Thomas Müntzer

1. Thomas Müntzer: An introduction to his life and work

2. 'Suffering the sharp edge of the plough-share': Müntzer's theology and politics

3. 'A servant of God against the godless': Müntzer as Christian revolutionary

Part Two: Gerrard Winstanley

4. Gerrard Winstanley: An introduction to his life and work

5. 'To make the Earth a Common Treasury': Winstanley's theology and politics

6. 'Christ rising in sons and daughters': Winstanley as Christian revolutionary

Part Three: Conclusion

7. Building the kingdom: towards a Christian contribution to revolutionary praxis

Notes

Further reading

Index

Bible references

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Belgian-born Masereel illustrated the works of Tolstoy, Zola, and Oscar Wilde, but he made the greatest impact with his wordless novels. These three stories reflect the German Expressionist revival of the art of the woodcut. Precursors to today's graphic novels, they also represent a centuries-old tradition of picture books for unschooled audiences. Masereel combines allegory and satire in his explorations of love, alienation, and artistic creation. Thomas Mann praised these striking Expressionistic images as "so compelling, so deeply felt, so rich in ideas, that one never tires of looking at them."